Behaviorism, Cognitivism, Constructivism: Comparing ...

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43PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT QUARTERLY,26(2) PP. 43 71 2013 International Society for Performance ImprovementPublished online in Wiley Online Library ( ). DOI: , cognitivism , Constructivism: Comparing Critical Features From an Instructional Design PerspectivePeggy A. Ertmer and Timothy J. NewbyThe need for a bridge between basic learn-ing research and educational practice has long been discussed. To ensure a strong connection between these two areas, Dewey (cited in Reigeluth, 1983) called for the creation and development of a linking science ; Tyler (1978) a middleman position ; and Lynch (1945) foremploying an engineering analogy as an aid for translating theory into practice.

Learning Defi ned Learning has been defi ned in numerous ways by many diff erent theorists, researchers and educational practitioners. Although univer-sal agreement on any single defi nition is nonexistent, many defi nitions employ common elements. Th e following defi nition by Shuell (as inter-

  Cognitivism, Nition, Fides