1 Introduction to manufacturing - Elsevier.com

1 Introduction tomanufacturingThe prosperity of human kind has been inextricably linked with the ability touse and work with the available materials and tools throughout , there is archaeological evidence of man s toolmaking ability datingas far back as 2 3 million years (Mair, 1993). However, the basis for manu-facturing as we know it today can be traced as far back as 5000 4000 BC,with the manufacture of artefacts from materials such as wood, stone, metaland ceramics (Kalpakjian, 1995). The modern manufacturing organization,based on the factory system and the division of labour, was borne of theIndustrial Revolution of the eighteenth century. The roots of modern manu-facturing processes can also be traced to the late eighteenth century with thedevelopment of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in the United States (Amsteadet al.)

et al., 1987) and the first all metal lathe by Henry Maudsley in the United Kingdom in 1794 (DeGarmo et al., 1988). The development of manufactur-ing processes continued in the early part of the nineteenth century with the introduction of a loom automatically controlled by punched cards in France

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