1 Introduction to manufacturing - Elsevier.com

1 Introduction tomanufacturingThe prosperity of human kind has been inextricably linked with the ability touse and work with the available materials and tools throughout , there is archaeological evidence of man s toolmaking ability datingas far back as 2 3 million years (Mair, 1993). However, the basis for manu-facturing as we know it today can be traced as far back as 5000 4000 BC,with the manufacture of artefacts from materials such as wood, stone, metaland ceramics (Kalpakjian, 1995). The modern manufacturing organization,based on the factory system and the division of labour, was borne of theIndustrial Revolution of the eighteenth century.

This defines a manufacturing system as (Lucas Engineering and Systems, 1992): an integrated combination of processes, machine systems, people, organi- ... It must also be able to cope with the rapid changes in technology and the market, particularly as product life cycles become increasingly shorter (Evans, 1996).

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