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13. AN INTRODUCTION TO FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

13-1 13. AN INTRODUCTION TO FOUNDATION ENGINEERING TYPES OF FOUNDATIONS The FOUNDATION is that portion of a structure that transmits the loads from the structure to the underlying FOUNDATION material. There are two major requirements to be satisfied in the design of foundations: (a) Provision of an adequate factor of safety against failure of the FOUNDATION material. Failure of the FOUNDATION material may lead to failure of the FOUNDATION and may also lead to failure of the entire structure. (b) Adequate provision against damage to the structure which may be caused by total or differential settlements of the foundations.

cast in place piles. Piers are sometimes constructed as caissons in which the foundation members are sunk through the soil. With open caissons the hole is advanced by means of internal dredging and in the case of pneumatic caissons excavation is carried out under compressed air to prevent the entry of water and mud into the working chamber.

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