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22.1 Antenna Arrays

Lens Antennas1087where the left-hand side represents the optical pathFPAB. Geometrically, we haveRcos +d=FandF=R0+h0. EliminatingdandR0, we find the lens profile:R=F 1 1n 1 1ncos ( )which is recognized to be the equation for an ellipse with eccentricity and focal lengthe=1/nandF1= the above discussion, we considered only the refracted rays through the dielectricand ignored the reflected waves. These can be minimized by appropriate Antenna ArraysArrays of antennas are used to direct radiated power towards a desired angular number, geometrical arrangement, and relative amplitudes and phases of the arrayelements depend on the angular pattern that must be an array has been designed to focus towards a particular direction, it becomesa simple matter tosteerit towards some other direction by changing the relative phasesof the array elements a process shows some examples of one- and two-dimensional Arrays consistingof identical linear antennas.

signs. In fact, historically, these methods were first developed in antenna theory and only later were adopted and further developed in DSP. 22.2 Translational Phase Shift The most basic property of an array is that the relative displacements of the antenna ele-ments with respect to each other introduce relative phase shifts in the radiation ...

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