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377 The relationship between aging and criminal activity has been noted since the beginnings of criminology. For example, Adolphe Quetelet (1831/1984) found that the proportion of the population involved in crime tends to peak in adolescence or early adulthood and then decline with age. In contemporary times, the FBI s Uniform Crime Report (UCR) arrest data (1935 1997), particularly the Crime Index (homicide, robbery, rape, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, auto theft), document the consistency of the age effect on crime. They also reveal a long-term trend toward younger age-crime distributions in more modern times.

25 years of age would be the principal perpetrators of violence (see also Halpern, Udry, Campbell, & Suchindran, 1994). Evidence of Variation in the Age-Crime Relationship. Hirschi and Gottfredson (1983) claimed that the age-crime relationship is invari-ant, or universal across groups, societies, and times, a claim that has been reiterated

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