4 Number Theory I: Prime Numbers - Penn Math

Number theory is filled with questions of patterns and structure in whole numbers. One of the most important subsets of the natural numbers are the prime numbers, to which we now turn our attention. ... make up the matter of our universe. Unlike the periodic table of the elements, however, the list of prime numbers goes on indefinitely.

  Universe, Patterns

Linear Systems of Differential Equations

Linear Systems of Di erential Equations Math 240 First order linear systems Solutions Beyond rst order systems Solutions to homogeneous linear systems As with linear systems, a homogeneous linear system of di erential equations is one in which b(t) = 0. Theorem If A(t) is an n n matrix function that is continuous on the

  System, Linear, Differential, Equations, Linear systems of differential equations, Linear systems

5.3 Planar Graphs and Euler’s Formula

5.3 Planar Graphs and Euler’s Formula Among the most ubiquitous graphs that arise in applications are those that can be drawn in the plane without edges crossing. For example, let’s revisit the example considered in Section 5.1 of the New York City subway system. We considered a graph in which vertices represent subway stops and edges represent

  Graph

Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, and Diagonalization

Find all of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of A= 1 1 0 1 : The characteristic polynomial is ( 1)2, so we have a single eigenvalue = 1 with algebraic multiplicity 2. The matrix A I= 0 1 0 0 has a one-dimensional null space spanned by the vector (1;0). Thus, the geometric multiplicity of this eigenvalue is 1.

  Eigenvalue, Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, Eigenvectors, 1 0 0 0, 1 1 1 0

Power series and Taylor series - University of Pennsylvania

1. Geometric and telescoping series The geometric series is X1 n=0 a nr n = a + ar + ar2 + ar3 + = a 1 r provided jrj<1 (when jrj 1 the series diverges). We often use partial fractions to detect telescoping series, for which we can calculate explicitly the partial sums S n. D. DeTurck Math 104 002 2018A: Series 3/42

  Series, Power, Geometric, Power series, Geometric series

Generalized Eigenvectors - University of Pennsylvania

Eigenvectors Math 240 De nition Computation and Properties Chains Facts about generalized eigenvectors The aim of generalized eigenvectors was to enlarge a set of linearly independent eigenvectors to make a basis. Are there always enough generalized eigenvectors to do so? Fact If is an eigenvalue of Awith algebraic multiplicity k, then nullity ...

  Eigenvectors

11 Partial derivatives and multivariable chain rule

the chain rule gives df dx = @f @x + @f @y ·y0. (11.3) The notation really makes a di↵erence here. Both df /dx and @f/@x appear in the equation and they are not the same thing! Derivative along an explicitly parametrized curve One common application of the multivariate chain rule is when a point varies along

  Chain, Partial, Derivatives, Partial derivatives

generatingfunctionology - Penn Math

ating functions can be simple and easy to handle even in cases where exact ... Generating functions can give stunningly quick deriva-tions of various probabilistic aspects of the problem that is repre-sented by your unknown sequence. (d) …

  Quick, Math, Easy, And easy, Generatingfunctionology

Linear Algebra Problems - Penn Math

g) The linear transformation T A: Rn!Rn de ned by Ais onto. h) The rank of Ais n. i) The adjoint, A, is invertible. j) detA6= 0. 14. Call a subset S of a vector space V a spanning set if Span(S) = V. Suppose that T: V !W is a linear map of vector spaces. a) Prove that a linear map T is 1-1 if and only if T sends linearly independent sets

  Linear, Transformation, Linear transformations

Combinatorics and counting - Penn Math

combinatorics and counting 3 Overview of formulas Every row in the table illustrates a type of counting problem, where the solution is given by the formula. Conversely, every problem is a combinatorial interpretation of the formula. In this context, a group of things means an unordered set. Problem Type Formula Choose a group of kobjects from ...

  Combinatorics

LECTURE NOTES ON THEORY OF COMPUTATION

and computational complexity theory. In order to perform a rigorous study of computation, computer scientists work with a mathematical abstraction of computers called a model of computation. There are several models in use, but the most commonly examined is the Turing machine. Automata theory

  Computational, Theory, Complexity, Computational complexity theory

Computational Complexity: A Modern Approach

Computational complexity theory has developed rapidly in the past three decades. The list of surprising and fundamental results proved since 1990 alone could fill a book: these include new probabilistic definitions of classical complexity classes (IP = PSPACE and the PCP Theorems)

  Computational, Theory, Complexity, Computational complexity, Computational complexity theory

Understanding Machine Learning: From Theory to Algorithms

These include a discussion of the computational complexity of learning and the concepts of convexity and stability; important algorith-mic paradigms including stochastic gradient descent, neural networks, ... book is devoted to advanced theory. We made an attempt to keep the book as self-contained as possible. However, the reader is assumed to ...

  Computational, Machine, Understanding, Learning, Theory, Complexity, Understanding machine learning, Computational complexity

Intro to Mechatronics - New York University

software to manage complexity, uncertainty, and communication in engineered systems. ... rudimentary computational and decision-making circuits for control of ... Balance theory, simulation, hardware, and software. Key Elements of Mechatronics.

  Computational, Theory, Complexity

What is Quantum Computing?

counterpart for computational purposes. Central research tasks include: •Building devices — with a specified behaviour. •Designing algorithms — to use the behaviour. Mediating these two are models of computation. 3 Bird’s eye view A computer scientist looks at Quantum Computing: Algorithmic Languages Theory/complexity System Architecture

  Computational, Theory, Complexity

Introduction to Automata Theory

2 What is Automata Theory? n Study of abstract computing devices, or “machines” n Automaton = an abstract computing device n Note:A “device” need not even be a physical hardware! n A fundamental question in computer science: n Find out what different models of machines can do and cannot do n The theory of computation n Computability vs. Complexity

  Theory, Complexity

Theory of Computation

The material from Chapter 6, on Complexity Theory, is taught in the third-year course COMP 3804 (Design and Analysis of Algorithms). In the early years of COMP 2805, we gave a two-lecture overview of Complexity Theory at the end of …

  Theory, Complexity, Complexity theory

DICE 2013R - Yale University

neoclassical economic growth theory (see particularly Solow 1970). In this approach, economies make investments in capital, education, and technologies, thereby reducing consumption today, in order to increase consumption in the future. The DICE model extends this approach by including the “natural capital” of the climate system.

  Theory

P vs. NP NP-complete co-NP NP-hard

May 05, 2013 · NP Certification algorithm intuition. ・Certifier views things from "managerial" viewpoint. ・Certifier doesn't determine whether s ∈ X on its own; rather, it checks a proposed proof t that s ∈ X. Def. Algorithm C(s, t) is a certifier for problem X if for every string s, s ∈ X iff there exists a string t such that C(s, t) = yes. Def. NP is the set of problems for which there …