Transcription of Bad Is Stronger Than Good - University of Minnesota
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Bad Is Stronger Than Good - University of Minnesota
Review of General Psychology2001. Vol. 5. No. 4. 323-370 Copyright 2001 by the Educational Publishing Foundation1089-2680/O1 DOI: Is Stronger Than GoodRoy F. Baumeister and Ellen BratslavskyCase Western Reserve UniversityCatrin FinkenauerFree University of AmsterdamKathleen D. VohsCase Western Reserve UniversityThe greater power of bad events over good ones is found in everyday events, major lifeevents ( , trauma), close relationship outcomes, social network patterns, interper-sonal interactions, and learning processes. Bad emotions, bad parents, and bad feedbackhave more impact than good ones, and bad information is processed more thoroughlythan good. The self is more motivated to avoid bad self-definitions than to pursue goodones. Bad impressions and bad stereotypes are quicker to form and more resistant todisconfirmation than good ones.
Free University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Ellen Bratslavsky in now at the Department of Psychol-ogy, Ohio State University. We thank the many people who have contributed helpful comments and references. This work is dedicated to the memory of Warren. Correspondence concerning this article should be ad-
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