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Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles

Carbon and Nitrogen Cycles What process? ? What does it need? Microbiology: An Evolving Science 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 2. Biogeochemical Cycles n All living organism elements flow in Cycles Rate of cycling varies n Biomass vs. organic n Environment: atmospheric, land, or ocean n Lack of necessary elements limits growth Iron Phosphorus Fixed Nitrogen Micronutrients Microbiology: An Evolving Science 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 3. Biogeochemical Cycles n Elements move from large sources to sinks Reservoirs provide both n Ocean important for Carbon , Nitrogen n Land important for sulfur n Oxidation state governs element reactivity Nitrogen gas plentiful, fixed Nitrogen rare n Measure elements in atmosphere via Chemical reactions Radioactivity measurements Microbiology: An Evolving Science 2009 W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 4. Carbon cycle n Major reservoir is ocean Atmosphericreservoir is much smaller n Aerobic Carbon cycling Photosynthesis fixes CO2 into biomass n Produces organic Carbon compounds Lithotrophs also reduce CO2 to biomass Respiration returns CO2 to atmosphere n Net gain of O2, loss of CO2 in photic zone Microbiology: An Evolving Science 2009 W.

Nitrogen Cycle—N 2 Fixation ! N 2 → NH 3 → NH 4 + " NH 4 + is rapidly assimilated into amino acids ! Catalyzed by nitrogenase " Only works anaerobically " Occurs in all ecosystems ! Klebsiella, Clostridium, Pseudomonas in soil ! Rhizobium within legumes ! Cyanobacteria in oceans, freshwater !

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