Transcription of Causation and Experimental Design
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Causation and Experimental Design
106 Chapter 5 Causation andExperimental DesignCausal ExplanationWhat Causes What?AssociationTime OrderNonspuriousnessMechanismContextWhy Experiment?What If a True Experiment Isn tPossible?Nonequivalent Control Group DesignsBefore-and-After DesignsEx Post Facto Control Group DesignsWhat Are the Threats to Validity inExperiments?Threats to Internal Causal ValidityNoncomparable GroupsEndogenous ChangeHistoryContaminationTreatment MisidentificationGeneralizabilitySample GeneralizabilityCross-PopulationGenerali zabilityInteraction of Testing andTreatmentHow Do Experimenters Protect TheirSubjects?DeceptionSelective Distribution of BenefitsConclusionIdentifying causes figuring out why things happen is the goal of mostsocial science research. Unfortunately, valid explanations of the causes of socialphenomena do not come easily.
Experimental research provides the most powerful design for testing causal hypotheses because it allows us to confidently establish the first three criteria for causality—association, time order, and nonspuriousness.True experimentshave at least …
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