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Causation and Experimental Design - SAGE Publications Inc

106 Chapter 5 Causation andExperimental DesignCausal ExplanationWhat causes What?AssociationTime OrderNonspuriousnessMechanismContextWhy Experiment?What If a True Experiment Isn tPossible?Nonequivalent Control Group DesignsBefore-and-After DesignsEx Post Facto Control Group DesignsWhat Are the Threats to Validity inExperiments?Threats to Internal Causal ValidityNoncomparable GroupsEndogenous ChangeHistoryContaminationTreatment MisidentificationGeneralizabilitySample GeneralizabilityCross-PopulationGenerali zabilityInteraction of Testing andTreatmentHow Do Experimenters Protect TheirSubjects?

dentifying causes—figuring out why things happen—is the goal of most social science research. Unfortunately, valid explanations of the causes of social ... and erratic discipline as the means by which poverty and delinquency are connected (Sampson & Laub, 1994). In this way, figuring out some aspects of the process by

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