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Chapter 1 Longitudinal Data Analysis

Themostcommonmedicalresearch designsis a \pre-post"studyinwhich a singlebaselinehealthstatusmeasurement is obtained,aninterven-tionis administered,anda singlefollow-upmeasurement is theoutcomemeasurement canbe as-sociatedwiththechangein example,if somesubjectsaregivenplacebo whileothersaregivenanactive drug,thetwogroupscanbe comparedto seeif thechangein theoutcomeis di erent forthosesubjectswhoareactivelytreatedas comparedto viewed as thesimplestformof a prospective nition: Alongitudinalstudyrefersto aninvestigationwherepartici-pant outcomesandpossiblytreatments or exposuresarecollectedat longitudinalstudygenerallyyieldsmultiple or \repeated"measurementsoneach example,HIVpatients may be followedover timeandmonthlymeasuressuch as CD4counts,or viralloadarecollectedto charac-terizeimmunestatusanddiseaseburde nrespectively.

Longitudinal Data Analysis 1.1 Introduction One of the most common medical research designs is a \pre-post" study in which a single baseline health status measurement is obtained, an interven-tion is administered, and a single follow-up measurement is collected. In this experimental design the change in the outcome measurement can be as-

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