Transcription of Chapter 13: The Five Forces Behind Human Evolution
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Chapter 13: The Five Forces Behind Human Evolution
1998, 1999, 2000 Gregory CareyChapter 13: five Forces - 1 Chapter 13: The five Forces Behind Human EvolutionIntroductionFive different Forces have influenced Human Evolution : natural selection, randomgenetic drift, mutation, population mating structure, and culture. All evolutionary biologistsagree on the first three of these Forces , although there have been disputes at times about therelative importance of each force . The fourth and fifth Forces are new in the sense that theyare not explicated in more traditional texts. This is not an attempt to develop a new theory of Human Evolution . Instead, the Forces of population mating structure and cultureare arbitrary categorizations used to organize several different phenomena of humanevolution.
Biologists index natural selection by reproductive fitness, often abbreviated as just fitness. Reproductive fitness can be measured in one of two ways. Absolute reproductive fitness may be defined as the raw number of gene copies or raw number of offspring transmitted to the subsequent generation. It may be expressed in terms of individuals (e.g.,
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