Transcription of Chapter 4 Convection - MIT PAOC
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Chapter 4 Convection - MIT PAOC
Chapter 4 ConvectionWe learned in Chapters 2 and 3 that terrestrial radiation emanates to spaceprimarily from the upper troposphere, rather than the ground; much of whatradiates from the surface is absorbed within the atmosphere. The surfaceis thus warmed by both direct solar radiation and downwelling terrestrialradiation from the atmosphere. In consequence, in radiative equilibrium, thesurface is warmer than the overlying atmosphere. However, it turns out thatthis state isunstableto convective motions which develop, as sketched , and transport heat upward from the surface. In the troposphere,therefore, equilibrium is not established solely by radiative processes. Inthis Chapter , we discuss the nature of the convective process and its role indetermining theradiative-convectivebalance of the we are about to explore, the conditions under which Convection occursdepend on the characteristics of thefluid; consequently, the theory appropri-ate in a moist, compressible atmosphere is somewhat more complicated thanin an incompressible medium like water.
74 CHAPTER 4. CONVECTION Figure 4.1: Solar radiation warms the earth’s surface, triggering convection which carries heat vertically to the emission level from which, because the atmosphere above this level is transparent in …
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