Transcription of CHAPTER 4 FLOW IN CHANNELS - MIT OpenCourseWare
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CHAPTER 4 FLOW IN CHANNELS - MIT OpenCourseWare
CHAPTER 4 FLOW IN CHANNELS INTRODUCTION 1 Flows in conduits or CHANNELS are of interest in science, engineering, and everyday life. Flows in closed conduits or CHANNELS , like pipes or air ducts, are entirely in contact with rigid boundaries. Most closed conduits in engineering applications are either circular or rectangular in cross section. Open-channel flows, on the other hand, are those whose boundaries are not entirely a solid and rigid material; the other part of the boundary of such flows may be another fluid, or nothing at all. Important open-channel flows are rivers, tidal currents, irrigation canals, or sheets of water running across the ground surface after a rain. 2 In both closed conduits and open CHANNELS , the shape and area of the cross section of the flow can change along the stream; such flows are said to be nonuniform. Flows are those that do not change in geometry or flow characteristics from cross section to cross section are said to be uniform.
much greater than the depth of flow is a good approximation to a flow with infinite width. 8 Take the x direction to be downstream and the y direction to be normal to the boundary, with y = 0 at the bottom of the flow (Figure 4-1). By the no-slip condition, the velocity is zero at y = 0, so the velocity must increase upward in the flow.
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