CHAPTER 4 FLOW IN CHANNELS - MIT OpenCourseWare

CHAPTER 4 FLOW IN CHANNELS INTRODUCTION 1 flows in conduits or CHANNELS are of interest in science, engineering, and everyday life. flows in closed conduits or CHANNELS , like pipes or air ducts, are entirely in contact with rigid boundaries. Most closed conduits in engineering applications are either circular or rectangular in cross section. Open-channel flows , on the other hand, are those whose boundaries are not entirely a solid and rigid material; the other part of the boundary of such flows may be another fluid, or nothing at all. Important open-channel flows are rivers, tidal currents, irrigation canals, or sheets of water running across the ground surface after a rain. 2 In both closed conduits and open CHANNELS , the shape and area of the cross section of the flow can change along the stream; such flows are said to be nonuniform.

much greater than the depth of flow is a good approximation to a flow with infinite width. 8 Take the x direction to be downstream and the y direction to be normal to the boundary, with y = 0 at the bottom of the flow (Figure 4-1). By the no-slip condition, the velocity is zero at y = 0, so the velocity must increase upward in the flow.

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