Transcription of Chapter 5 - Causation and Experimental Design
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Chapter 5 - Causation and Experimental Design
106 Chapter 5 Causation andExperimental DesignCausal ExplanationWhat Causes What?AssociationTime OrderNonspuriousnessMechanismContextWhy Experiment?What If a True Experiment Isn tPossible?Nonequivalent Control Group DesignsBefore-and-After DesignsEx Post Facto Control Group DesignsWhat Are the Threats to Validity inExperiments?Threats to Internal Causal ValidityNoncomparable GroupsEndogenous ChangeHistoryContaminationTreatment MisidentificationGeneralizabilitySample GeneralizabilityCross-PopulationGenerali zabilityInteraction of Testing andTreatmentHow Do Experimenters Protect TheirSubjects?DeceptionSelective Distribution of BenefitsConclusionIdentifying causes figuring out why things happen is the goal of mostsocial science research. Unfortunately, valid explanations of the causes of socialphenomena do not come easily. Why did the homicide rate in the United Statesdrop for 15 years and then start to rise in 1999 (Butterfield, 2000:12)? Was itbecause of changes in the style of policing (Radin, 1997:B7) or because of chang-ing attitudes among young people (Butterfield, 1996a)?
to higher levels of education, or to longer tenure in their jobs (with no pregnancy breaks), or is it the kinds of jobs men go into as compared to those that women choose? We want to know if men earn more than women,ceteris paribus—other things (job, tenure, education, etc.) being equal. Chapter 5 Causation and Experimental Design107
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