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CIRCUITS LABORATORY EXPERIMENT 9 Operational Amplifiers

CIRCUITS LABORATORY EXPERIMENT 9 Operational Amplifiers INTRODUCTION An Operational amplifier ("op amp") is a direct-coupled, differential-input, high-gain voltage amplifier, usually packaged in the form of a small integrated circuit . The term " Operational " dates back to the early days of analog computers when these devices were employed in CIRCUITS that performed mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, integration, and the solution of differential equations. Today's op amps are used in a much wider variety of CIRCUITS and operate at considerably lower voltages and powers; however, the name remains. The linear circuit which forms the heart of the Operational amplifier is a fairly complicated device consisting of many (30 or more) active and passive devices integrated into silicon. (See schematic diagram in Section at the end of this exercise). Such a complex device requires a team of experienced engineers many months to design!

the phase relationship, peak-to-peak voltages and period. Now, measure the rms values of the input and output voltages. Compare your measurements to those predicted by Equation (9.2) above. Repeat the above exercise for Rf = 0 Ohms, i.e., a short circuit. Next, choose values for Ri and Rf such that the closed-loop gain (Vo / Vi) is 2.

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