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Computer Organization and Architecture Input/Output …

1 Chapter 7 input /OutputComputer Organization and ArchitectureInput/Output Problems Computers have a wide variety of peripherals Delivering different amounts of data, at different speeds, in different formats Many are not connected directly to system or expansion bus Most peripherals are slower than CPU and RAM; a few are faster Word length for peripherals may vary from the CPU Data format may vary ( , one word might include parity bits)I/O Modules Peripheral communications are handled with I/O modules Two major functions: interface to processor or memory via bus or central link interface to one or more peripherals via tailored data linksGeneric Model of I/O ModuleExternal devices Human readable (human interface ) Screen, printer, keyboard, mouse Machine readable Disks, tapes Functional view of disks as part of memory hierarchy Structurally part of I/O system Sensors, actuators Monitoring and control Communications Modem Network interface Card (NIC) Wireless interface cardExternal Device Block Diagram2 Keyboard and Monitor Most common HID (human interface device) In character based systems a monitor is acts as a glass teletype Basic unit of exchange is the character Most display adapters have text modes characters are displayed by storing in adapter memory Adapter contains hardware character generators that create bitmaps on the display

I/O Modules • Peripheral communications are handled with I/O modules • Two major functions: —Interface to processor or memory via bus or central link —Interface to one or more peripherals via tailored data links Generic Model of I/O Module External Devices • Human readable (human interface) —Screen, printer, keyboard, mouse ...

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Computer Organization and Architecture Micro-Operations

aturing.umcs.maine.edu

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Computer Organization and Architecture …

aturing.umcs.maine.edu

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aturing.umcs.maine.edu

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aturing.umcs.maine.edu

Apr 25, 2006 · important, though less obvious. Unlike magnetic memory systems (hard disk drives and tape drives), Flash memory requires a separate erasing step in order to turn all bits back to the “1” state before the device is programmed. Power is another important concern for many applications. For any write-intensive applications,

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aturing.umcs.maine.edu

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www.egr.msu.edu

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japan.xilinx.com

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