Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive ...

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology Copyright 1988 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 1988. Vol. 54. No. 6, 1063-1070 G022-35l4/88/$ Development and Validation of Brief Measures of Positive and negative affect : The PANAS Scales David Watson and Lee Anna Clark Southern Methodist University Auke Tellegen University of Minnesota This article is intended solely for the personal use of the individual user and is not to be disseminated broadly. In recent studies of the structure of affect , Positive and negative affect have consistently emerged as This document is copyrighted by the American Psychological Association or one of its allied publishers. two dominant and relatively independent dimensions.

DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF THE PANAS SCALES 1065 Table 1 Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) Scale Means and Standard Deviations/or Each Rated Time Frame PANAS PA Time instructions Moment Today Past few days Past few weeks Year General Scale n 660 657 1,002 586 649 663 M 29.7 29.1 33.3 32.0 36.2 35.0 SD 7

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  Schedule, Affect, Negative, Apna, And negative affect schedule

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