Empowering Women: Four Theories Tested on Four …

Empowering women : four Theories Tested on four Different Aspects of Gender Equality Amy C. Alexander (University of California, Irvine). Christian Welzel (Jacobs University Bremen). ABSTRACT. Multiple literatures suggest that the following factors may figure prominently in explanations of women 's increasing empowerment: (1) socioeconomic development; (2) rising gender- egalitarian attitudes that transform economic development into a cultural process of human development; (3) historical legacies stemming from a society's cultural and political traditions;. and (4) institutional design factors. This study is the first to compare the influence of these factors across four aspects of gender equality, equality gains in basic living conditions, participation in civic actions, positional empowerment and political representation. Our measure of cultural modernity is the single most important explanation across all aspects of gender equality with socioeconomic factors and institutional design factors exerting influence on one or two aspects.

graduates positively influence the percentage of women in their parliaments (Kenworthy & Malami 1999; Reynolds 1999; Rule 1981, 1987; Siaroff 2000; Welch & Studlar 1996). (2) Cultural Modernity: The Human Development Perspective. A more recent theory emphasizes the conversion of economic development into a cultural process of human

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  Four, Tested, Women, Empowering, Theories, Empowering women, Kenworthy, Four theories tested on four

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