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Externalities: Problems and Solutions

externalities : Problems and Solutions131 Undergraduate Public EconomicsEmmanuel SaezUC Berkeley1 OUTLINEC hapter Externality Private-Sector Solutions to Negative Public-Sector Remedies for Distinctions Between Price and Quantity Approaches toAddressing Conclusion2 externalities : Problems AND SOLUTIONSM arket failure: A problem that violates one of the assump-tions of the 1st welfare theorem and causes the market econ-omy to deliver an outcome that does not maximize efficiencyExternality: externalities arise whenever the actions of oneeconomic agent make another economic agent worse or betteroff, yet the first agent neither bears the costs nor receives thebenefits of doing so:Example: a steel plant that pollutes a river used for recreationExternalities are o

Private marginal cost (PMB): The direct bene t to con-sumers of consuming an additional unit of a good by the con-sumer. Social marginal cost (SMB): The private marginal bene t to consumers plus any costs associated with the consumption of the good that are imposed on others Example: Using a car and emitting carbon contributing to global warming 6

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