Transcription of FINDING THEMES - SAGE Publications Inc
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FINDING THEMES - SAGE Publications Inc
53C H A P T E R3FI NDINGTHEMESA uthors note:Werelyheavilyin thischapteronourarticleRyanandBernard,Fi eldMethods15(1):85 20 03 sage s a Theme?Where Do ThemesCom e From?Eight ObservationalTec hn iques:Thi ngs toLook For1. Re petitions2. In digenousTypol ogies or Cat ego ries3. Metaphorsand Analogies4. Transitions5. Simi la ritiesand Differences6. Li nguisticConnectors7. Miss in g Data8. Theory-Rela ted Mat er ialFour Manipulative Techniques: WaystoProcessTexts9. Cuttingand So rt ing10. WordLis ts and Key -Words-in-Context (KWIC)11. WordCo-o ccu rre nc e12. Me tacodingSelecting AmongTechniques1. Kindof Dat a2. Skill3. La bor4. Nu mberand Kindsof The mes5. Rel iabilityand ValidityAnd INTRODUCTIONA nalyzingtextinvolvesfi vecomplextasks: (1)discoveringthemesandsubthemes; (2)describingthecore andperipheralelementsofthemes;(3)buildin ghierarchies ofthemesorcodebooks;(4)applyingthemes thatis,attachingthemto chunksofactualtext;and(5)linkingthemesin toth ,wefo cusonthefirstta sk : discoveringth emes andsubthemes.
2. Indigenous Typologies or Categories Another way to find themes is to look for unfamiliar, local words, and for familiar words that are used in unfamiliar ways—what Patton calls “indi-genous categories” ( 2002:454; and see Linnekin 1987). Grounded theorists refer to the process of identifying local terms as in vivo coding (A. Strauss
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