FINDING THEMES - SAGE Publications Inc

53C H A P T E R3FI NDINGTHEMESA uthors note:Werelyheavilyin thischapteronourarticleRyanandBernard,Fi eldMethods15(1):85 20 03 sage s a Theme?Where Do ThemesCom e From?Eight ObservationalTec hn iques:Thi ngs toLook For1. Re petitions2. In digenousTypol ogies or Cat ego ries3. Metaphorsand Analogies4. Transitions5. Simi la ritiesand Differences6. Li nguisticConnectors7. Miss in g Data8. Theory-Rela ted Mat er ialFour Manipulative Techniques: WaystoProcessTexts9. Cuttingand So rt ing10. WordLis ts and Key -Words-in-Context (KWIC)11. WordCo-o ccu rre nc e12. Me tacodingSelecting AmongTechniques1. Kindof Dat a2. Skill3. La bor4. Nu mberand Kindsof The mes5. Rel iabilityand ValidityAnd INTRODUCTIONA nalyzingtextinvolvesfi vecomplextasks: (1)discoveringthemesandsubthemes; (2)describingthecore andperipheralelementsofthemes;(3)buildin ghierarchies ofthemesorcodebooks;(4)applyingthemes thatis,attachingthemto chunksofactualtext;and(5)linkingthemesin toth ,wefo cusonthefirstta sk : discoveringth emes andsubthemes.

violated; and (4 ) the degree to which the force and variety of a theme ’s expression is controlled by specific contexts (see Box 3.1 ). Chapter 3 FindingThemes– –55 TermsforThemes ... of “making a flop ,” which turned out to be the local term for finding a place to sleep for the night. Spradley searched through his recorded material and

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