Glossary of Statistical Terms - hbiostat

Frank E Harrell JrDepartment of BiostatisticsVanderbilt University School of request or improve a : This Glossary is 30, 2022 Glossary of Statistical Termsadjusting or controlling for a variable: Assessing the effect of one variable while accounting forthe effect of another (confounding) variable. Adjustment for the other variable can be carried outby stratifying the analysis (especially if the variable is categorical) or by statistically estimating therelationship between the variable and the outcome and then subtracting out that effect to study whicheffects are left over. For example, in a non-randomized study comparing the effects of treatmentsAandBon blood pressure reduction, the patients ages may have been used to select the would be advisable in that case to control for the effect of age before estimating the treatmenteffect. This can be done using a regression model with blood pressure as the dependent variable andtreatment and age as the independent variables (controlling for age using subtraction) or crudely andapproximately (with some residual confounding) by stratifying by deciles of age and averaging thetreatment effects estimated within the deciles.

causal inference: The study of how/whether outcomes vary across levels of an exposure when that exposure is manipulated. Done properly, the study of causal inference typically concerns itself with de ning target parameters, precisely de ning …

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