Transcription of Important formulae & basic concepts Chapter: Ray Optics
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Important formulae & basic concepts Chapter: Ray Optics
Important formulae & basic concepts Chapter: Ray Optics & Optical instruments & Wave Optics XII Physics All distances are measured in meter (m) Snell s law states n = sin i/ sin r n is refractive index i is the angle of incidence r is the angle of refraction Sign convention distances measured in the same direction as incident light is positive Distances measured in the opposite direction is negative All distances are measured from the pole Mirror equation 1 1 1v u f+= u is object distance; v is image distance and f is focal length Sign of focal length of mirror f is negative for concave mirror; f is positive for convex mirror Magnification of a spherical mirror m = -v/u m is positive then image is erect; m is negative then image is inverted For prism 2m211n sin[(A D )/2]nnsin(A /2)+== n2 is refractive index of prism material n1 is refractive index of surrounding medium A is the angle of prism Dm is the angle of minimum deviation For spherical interface 2121n n n nv uR = n1 is refractive index to the left of the refracting surface n2 is refractive i
λ is the wavelength of incident light 2 is the angle subtended by the diameter of objective lens at the focus of the microscope. β Fresnel distance is the distance beyond which spread of the beam due to diffraction is more than the size a of the slit is significant. a2 z= λ λ is the wavelength of incident light ‘a’ is the width of the slit
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