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Internal Combustion Engines

4 InternalCombustionEnginesInternalcombust ionenginesaredevicesthatgenerateworkusin gtheproductsofcom-bustionastheworkingflu idratherthanasa ,thecombustionis carriedoutina mannerthatproduceshigh-pressurecombustio nprod-uctsthatcanbeexpandedthrougha introducesa :(1)thesparkignitionengine,whichisusedpr imarilyinautomobiles;(2)thedieselengine, whichisusedinlargevehiclesandindustrials ystemswheretheimprovementsincycleefficie ncymakeitadvantageousoverthemorecompacta ndlighter-weightsparkignitionengine;and( 3)thegasturbine, ,unburnedhydrocarbons, , , ,car-bonmonoxide, , pistonmovesupanddownina cylinder,transmittingitsmotionthrougha (topdeadcenter)B=crankanglePistonPistonr odCrankB=180 (bottomdeadcenter) ; ; ;stroke4, ,thesparkplugisfired, burningmixtureexpands, , ,highpowerisneededanda , , , 'I-,~0' ~ (f) "brakespecificfuelconsumption." ' ' , ,a ,however, , ,producingthenoisereferredtoasknock(Byet al.,1981).Onecharacteristicofthefuelcomp ositionisitstendencytoautoignite, , ,V".

commonly used in internal combustion engines. Ratios below 0.7 and above 1.4 gen­ erally are not combustible on the time scales available in reciprocating engines. The maximum power is obtained at a higher ratio than is minimum fuel consumption. As a vehicle accelerates, high power is needed and a richer mixture is required than when

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