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Introduction - UCONN

THE remainder IN TAYLOR SERIESKEITH (x) be infinitely differentiable on an intervalIaround a numbera. On the intervalI,Taylor s inequalitybounds the difference betweenf(x) and itsnth degree Taylor polynomialcentered ataTn,a(x) =f(a) +f (a)(x a) +f (a)2!(x a)2+ +f(n)(a)n!(x a)nin terms of the magnitude of the (n+ 1)th derivative off: if|f(n+1)(x)| Mfor allxinIthen Taylor s inequality saysifbis inIthen|f(b) Tn,a(b)| M|b a|n+1(n+ 1)!.We will derive this inequality in two ways, using exact formulas forf(x) Tn,a(x) involvingderivatives and involving (Differential form of the remainder (Lagrange, 1797)).With notation asabove, forn 0andbin the intervalI,f(b) =n k=0f(k)(a)k!(b a)k+f(n+1)(c)(n+ 1)!(b a)n+1=Tn,a(b) +f(n+1)(c)(n+ 1)!(b a)n+1for somecstrictly numbercdepends ona,b, andn. Whenn= 0 the theorem saysf(b) =f(a) +f (c)(b a) for somecstrictly betweenaandb, which is the Mean Value (Integral form of the remainder (Cauchy, 1821)).

THE REMAINDER IN TAYLOR SERIES KEITH CONRAD 1. Introduction Let f(x) be in nitely di erentiable on an interval I around a number a. On the interval I,

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