Transcription of Learned Helplessness: Theory and Evidence
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Learned Helplessness: Theory and Evidence
\,Journal ol Experimental Psychology: General1976, Vol. 105, No. 1, 3-46 Learned helplessness : Theory and EvidenceSteven F. Maier Martin E. P. SeligmanUniversity of Colorado University of PennsylvaniaSUMMARYIn 1967, Overmier and Seligman found that dogs exposed to inescapable andunavoidable electric shocks in one situation later failed to learn to escape shock ina different situation where escape was possible. Shortly thereafter Seligman andMaier (1967) demonstrated that this effect was caused by the uncontrollability ofthe original shocks.
Jun 30, 1975 · There is a simple and elegant experimental design which isolates the effects of con-trollability from the effects of the outcome being controlled. In this "triadic" design, three groups are used: One group receives as its pretreatment an outcome that it can control by some response. A second group is "yoked" it receives exactly the same
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