Transcription of Linear Algebra and Its Applications
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Linear Algebra and Its ApplicationsFourth EditionGilbert Strangyx y z zAx b b0Ay b 0Az 0 ContentsPrefaceiv1 Matrices and Gaussian .. Geometry of Linear Equations .. Example of Gaussian Elimination .. Notation and Matrix Multiplication .. Factors and Row Exchanges .. and Transposes .. Matrices and Applications ..66 Review Exercises ..722 Vector Spaces and Subspaces .. Independence, Basis, and Dimension .. Four Fundamental Subspaces .. and Networks .. Transformations ..140 Review Exercises ..1543 Vectors and Subspaces .. and Projections onto Lines .. and Least Squares .. Bases and Gram-Schmidt .. Fast Fourier Transform ..211 Review Exercises ..221iiiCONTENTS4 .. of the Determinant .. for the Determinant .. of Determinants ..247 Review Exercises ..2585 Eigenvalues and .. of a Matrix .. Equations and PowersAk.. Equations andeAt.
space.” That is a key goal, to see whole spaces of vectors: the row space and the column space and the nullspace. A further goal is to understand how the matrix acts. When A multiplies x it produces the new vector Ax. The whole space of vectors moves—it is “transformed” by A. Special
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