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Mean-Variance Optimization and the CAPM

IEOR E4706: Foundations of Financial Engineeringc 2016 by Martin HaughMean-Variance Optimization and the CAPMT hese lecture notes provide an introduction to Mean-Variance analysis and the capital asset pricing model(CAPM). We begin with the Mean-Variance analysis of Markowitz (1952) when there is no risk-free asset andthen move on to the case where there is a risk-free asset available. We also discuss the difficulties ofimplementing Mean-Variance analysis in practice and outline some approaches for resolving these optimal asset allocations are typically very sensitive to estimates of expected returns and covariances,these approaches typically involve superior or more robust parameter estimation analysis leads directly to thecapital asset pricing modelor CAPM. The CAPM is a one-periodequilibrium model that provides many important insights to the problem of asset pricing. The language / jargonassociated with the CAPM has become ubiquitous in Markowitz s Mean-Variance AnalysisConsider a one-period market withnsecurities which have identical expected returns and variances, [Ri] = andVar(Ri) = 2fori= 1.

1. The tendency to produce extreme portfolios combining extreme shorts with extreme longs. As a result, portfolio managers generally do not trust these extreme weights. This problem is typically caused by estimation errors in the mean return vector and covariance matrix. Figure 3: The E cient Frontier, Estimated Frontiers and Realized Frontiers.

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