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Mechanism: Limited Direct Execution

6 Mechanism: Limited Direct ExecutionIn order to virtualize the CPU, the operating system needs to somehowshare the physical CPU among many jobs running seemingly at thesametime. The basic idea is simple: run one process for a little while, thenrun another one, and so forth. Bytime sharingthe CPU in this manner,virtualization is are a few challenges, however, in building such virtualizationmachinery. The first isperformance: how can we implement virtualiza-tion without adding excessive overhead to the system? The secondiscontrol: how can we run processes efficiently while retaining control overthe CPU? Control is particularly important to the OS, as it is in charge ofresources; without control, a process could simply run forever and takeover the machine , or access information that it should not be allowedtoaccess.

machine boots up, it does so in privileged (kernel) mode, and thus is free to configure machine hardware as need be. One of the first things the OS thus does is to tell the hardware what code to run when certain excep-tional events occur. For example, what code should run when a hard-

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