Transcription of Microaggressions: Clarification, Evidence, and Impact
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On Psychological Science2020, Vol. 15(1) 3 26 The Author(s) 2019 Article reuse guidelines: : FORPSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCEA lthough it is no longer socially acceptable to be openly racist in America ( , Nadal, 2018), racism continues to be part of the fabric of American life. Racism can be defined as beliefs, attitudes, policies, and acts that deni-grate or disadvantage individuals or groups because of presumed racial or ethnic-group affiliation (R. Clark, Anderson, Clark, & Williams, 1999; Schmid, 1996). According to R. Clark et al. (1999), the conceptualiza-tion of racism can generally be placed into two broad categories: attitudinal ( , prejudice) or behavioral ( , discrimination); however, it is important to under-stand that racism is also structural in nature, in that it is woven into nearly all of our social systems, institu-tions, and policies for the benefit of White Americans at the expense of people of color (Salter, Adams, & Perez, 2018).
published in this journal, he argued that the microaggres-sion research program rests on five faulty premises: 1. Microaggressions are operationalized with suf-ficient clarity and consensus to afford rigorous scientific investigation. 2. Microaggressions are interpreted negatively by most or all minority group members. 3.
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