Transcription of Microstates and Macrostates - USU
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Microstates and Macrostates . Multiplicities. The Second Law. Physics 3700. Microstates and Macrostates . Multiplicities. The Second Law. Relevant sections in text: Microstates and Macrostates What is thermal equilibrium? What is temperature? Why does heat transfer energy from higher to lower temperatures? One cannot get very far with such questions in tra- ditional thermodynamics because thermal equilibrium, heat and temperature are more or less defined via the laws of thermodynamics. We have introduced the concepts of tempera- ture and heat via the zeroth and first laws. Our next subject will be the second law, which characterizes (among other things) heat transfer of energy and relaxation to equilibrium. To understand the origins and meaning of the second law it is instructive to take a pretty general look at the microscopic statistical behavior of a macroscopic system.
state, and the other two oscillators in their ground state. We should have (3;1) = 3, right? We do indeed have 3 1 = 3! 1!2! = 3: * A better model of the solid uses the normal modes of the coupled oscillator system de-scribing the motion of the atoms near equilibrium. These normal modes of vibration are, in the quantum domain, known as phonons.
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