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NEUROMUSCULAR ELECTRICAL STIMULATION IN …
INVITED REVIEWABSTRACT: This review provides a comprehensive overview of the clini-cal uses of NEUROMUSCULAR ELECTRICAL STIMULATION (NMES) for functional andtherapeutic applications in subjects with spinal cord injury or stroke. Func-tional applications refer to the use of NMES to activate paralyzed muscles inprecise sequence and magnitude to directly accomplish functional tasks. Intherapeutic applications, NMES may lead to a specific effect that enhancesfunction, but does not directly provide function. The specific neuroprostheticor functional applications reviewed in this article include upper- and lower-limb motor movement for self-care tasks and mobility, respectively, bladderfunction, and respiratory control. Specific therapeutic applications includemotor relearning, reduction of hemiplegic shoulder pain, muscle strength-ening, prevention of muscle atrophy, prophylaxis of deep venous thrombo-sis, improvement of tissue oxygenation and peripheral hemodynamic func-tioning, and cardiopulmonary conditioning.
562 Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation MUSCLE & NERVE May 2007. nents of NMES systems are briefly reviewed. The specific neuroprosthetic or “functional” applications include upper- and lower-limb motor movement for self-care tasks and mobility, respectively, bladder
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