NON METRIC MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING MDS

N O N -M E T R I C M U LT I D I M E N S I O N A L SCALING (MDS)Steven M. Ho!andDepartment of Geology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-2501 May 2008 IntroductionNonmetric MULTIDIMENSIONAL SCALING (MDS, also NMDS and NMS) is an ordination tech-nique that differs in several ways from nearly all other ordination methods. In most ordina-tion methods, many axes are calculated, but only a few are viewed, owing to graphical limita-tions. In MDS, a small number of axes are explicitly chosen prior to the analysis and the data are fitted to those dimensions; there are no hidden axes of variation.

MDS does suffer from two principal drawbacks, although these are becoming less important as computational power increases. First, MDS is slow, particularly for large data sets and the reasons for this will become apparent under Computation below. Second, because MDS is a

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  Metrics, Scaling, Multidimensional, Non metric multidimensional scaling mds

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