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Page | 1. Principal Investigators Clyde Loutan (California ISO). Vahan Gevorgian (NREL). Project Team California ISO: Peter Klauer, Sirajul Chowdhury, Stephen Hall First Solar: Mahesh Morjaria, Vladimir Chadliev, Nick Milam, Christopher Milan Page | 2. List of Acronyms ACE Area Control Error AGC Automatic Generation Control APC active power control BA Balancing Authority CAISO California Independent System Operator FFR fast frequency response NREL National Renewable Energy Laboratory PFR primary frequency response POI point of interconnection PPC power plant controller PV photovoltaic ROCOF rate of change of frequency SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Page | 3. Acknowledgements We thank and acknowledge the substantial contributions to this work provided by the staff of First Solar corporate office in Tempe, AZ during planning and implementation stages of this project.
renewables, must be leveraged to provide essential reliability services. Rapid penetration of variable renewable generation into the power grid is already changing the ways system operators are managing the grid. Higher levels of variable generation are creating some real-time reliability and operational changes for system operators.
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