Placebo Tests for Causal Inference

“falsiﬁcationtest” intheAPSR,AJPS,JOP,andIO between2009and2018;theresulting summary of 110 placebo tests appears in Appendix A.3) We will call the original research design the core analysis and the altered version the placebo analysis. We observe three ways in which the core analysis is most commonly altered.4 This suggests a typology we