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Q - knockhardy.org.uk
CARBONYL COMPOUNDS - Aldehydes and KetonesStructure carbonyl groups consists of a carbon-oxygen double bond the bond is polar due to the difference in electronegativity aldehydes / ketones differ in what is attached to the carbonALDEHYDES - at least one H attached to the carbonyl groupHCHO orCH3 CHOC6H5 CHOKETONES - two carbons attached to the carbonyl groupCH3 COCH3C2H5 COCH3C6H5 COCH3 Bonding the carbonyl carbon is sp2 hybridised and three sigma ( ) bonds are planar the unhybridised 2p orbital of carbon is at 90 to these it overlaps with a 2p orbital of oxygen to form a pi ( ) bond as oxygen is more electronegative than carbon the bond is polarNaming aldehydes end AL ketones end ONE pick the longest chain of carbon atoms which includes the C=O substituent positions are based on the carbon with the O attachedCH3CH2CH2CH2CH2 CHOCH3 COCH2CH2CH2CH3 hexanalhexan-2-oneCarbonyl compounds 1F324 KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE Draw structures for, and name, all the carbonyl compounds with molecular formulae;a) C4H8Ob) C5H1
NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION REACTIONS Mechanism • occurs with both aldehydes and ketones • involves addition to the polar C=O double bond • attack is by nucleophiles at the positive carbon centre
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REVERSIBLE ADDITION REACTIONS OF ALDEHYDES, CARBONYL-ADDITION REACTIONS, Addition, ALDEHYDES AND KETONES. CARBONYL-ADDITION REACTIONS, University of Texas at Dallas, Reactions, Carbonyl, Reactions of Aromatic Compounds Aromatic, Addition reactions, Carbonyl fundamentals, Organic Reactions andOrganic Reactions and Their, Undergraduate Organic Synthesis Guide