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Q - knockhardy.org.uk
CARBONYL COMPOUNDS - Aldehydes and KetonesStructure carbonyl groups consists of a carbon-oxygen double bond the bond is polar due to the difference in electronegativity aldehydes / ketones differ in what is attached to the carbonALDEHYDES - at least one H attached to the carbonyl groupHCHO orCH3 CHOC6H5 CHOKETONES - two carbons attached to the carbonyl groupCH3 COCH3C2H5 COCH3C6H5 COCH3 Bonding the carbonyl carbon is sp2 hybridised and three sigma ( ) bonds are planar the unhybridised 2p orbital of carbon is at 90 to these it overlaps with a 2p orbital of oxygen to form a pi ( ) bond as oxygen is more electronegative than carbon the bond is polarNaming aldehydes end AL ketones end ONE pick the longest chain of carbon atoms which includes the C=O substituent positions are based on the carbon with the O attachedCH3CH2CH2CH2CH2 CHOCH3 COCH2CH2CH2CH3 hexanalhexan-2-oneCarbonyl compounds 1F324 KNOCKHARDY SCIENCE Draw structures for, and name, all the carbonyl compounds with molecular formulae;a) C4H8Ob) C5H10Oc) C6H12OC=OCCC=OHCC=OHHF ormation of carbonyl compounds f
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS OXIDATION • provides a way of differentiating between aldehydes and ketones • mild oxidising agents are best • aldehydes are easier to oxidise • powerful oxidising agents oxidise ketones to carboxylic acid mixtures
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