Quantum Computation and Quantum Information

Quantum Computation and Quantum Information Michael A. Nielsen & Isaac L. Chuang PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE. The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS. The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA 10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia Ruiz de Alarc on 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain . c Cambridge University Press 2000. This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2000. Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge Typeface Monotype Ehrhardt 10 12 /13pt System LATEX 2 [EPC]. A catalogue record of this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data Nielsen, Michael A.

x Contents 7.3.2 The Hamiltonian 284 7.3.3 Quantum computation 286 7.3.4 Drawbacks 286 7.4 Optical photon quantum computer 287 7.4.1 Physical apparatus 287

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