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Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The Carbon Tax Option

DISCUSSION PAPER FOR PUBLIC COMMENT Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions: The Carbon Tax Option December 2010 2 Contents Overview .. 3 1: Background .. 11 2: Introduction .. 13 3: Climate change and its effects .. 15 Effects of climate change .. 15 Greenhouse gas emissions profile for South africa .. 16 4: Economics of climate change .. 20 Externalities .. 20 External and social costs of Carbon .. 22 5: Policy instruments to address climate change .. 25 Market-based instruments versus command and control measures .. 25 Environmentally related - Pigouvian taxation .. 26 Carbon pricing options: Carbon taxes and emissions trading schemes .. 27 6: Tax policy design considerations .. 30 Tax base and administration .. 30 Tax incidence - distributional effects .. 37 39 Border tax adjustments .. 40 7: International practice.

mining, etc). About 64 per cent of people in Southern Africa are employed in the primary sector. • According to some estimates, a temperature increase of 3-4°C, could lead to a 15 per cent decline in African crop yields, with extremely negative consequences in sub-Saharan Africa, where only about 4 per cent of arable land is irrigated.

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