Transcription of RESEARCH SERIES Observational research methods. Research ...
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RESEARCH SERIES Observational research methods. Research ...
RESEARCH SERIESO bservational RESEARCH methods. RESEARCH design II:cohort, cross sectional, and case- control studiesC J Med J2003;20:54 60 Cohort, cross sectional, and case- control studies arecollectively referred to as Observational studies. Oftenthese studies are the only practicable method ofstudying various problems, for example, studies ofaetiology, instances where a randomised controlled trialmight be unethical, or if the condition to be studied israre. Cohort studies are used to study incidence, causes,and prognosis. Because they measure events inchronological order they can be used to distinguishbetween cause and effect. Cross sectional studies areused to determine prevalence.
Control group The control group should be easily identifiable. The source of the controls should be explained—are they from the same population as the sample? Are the controls matched or randomised—to minimise bias and confounding. Quality of measurements and outcomes Validity—are the measurements used regarded as valid by other ...
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