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Second Order Linear Differential Equations

CHAPTER12 SecondOrderLinearDifferentialEquations a relationinvolvingvariablesx y y y . Asolutionis a functionf x suchthatthesubstitutiony f x y f x y f x givesanidentity. Thedifferentialequationissaidtobelineari f it is linearinthevariablesy y y . We have alreadyseen( )how tosolve firstorderlinearequations; ( )y ay by g x whereaandbareconstants,andg x is a differentiablefunctionofx. ,wesaw thata firstorderequationhasa one-parameterfamilyofsolutions,andthatth especificationofaninitialconditiony x0 y0uniquelydeterminesa , ,andnumbers y0 y 0, there isa uniquefunctionf x which solvesthedifferentialequation( )andsatisfiestheinitialconditionsf x0 y0 f x0 y tocompletelysolve equation( )whenthefunctionontherighthandsideis zero:( )y ay by 0 Thisis calledthehomogeneousequation.

Case of a double root. If the discriminant a2 4b 0, then the auxiliary equation has one root r, which gives us only one solution erx of the differential equation. We find another solution by the technique of variation of parameters. We try y uerx, where u is a new unknown function. Now, the differential equation is

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  Functions, Discriminant

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