Transcription of Self-Discrepancy: A Theory Relating Self and Affect
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Self-Discrepancy: A Theory Relating Self and Affect
Psycholo0cal Review Copyright 1987 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 1987, Vol. 94, No. 3, 319-340 0033-295X/87/$ Self-Discrepancy: A Theory Relating Self and Affect E. Tory Higgins New York University This article presents a Theory of how different types of discrepancies between self-state representa- tions are related to different kinds of emotional vulnerabilities. One domain of the self (actual; ideal; ought) and one standpoint on the self (own; significant other) constitute each type of self-state representation. It is proposed that different types of self-discrepancies represent different types of negative psychological situations that are associated with different kinds of discomfort. Discrepan- cies between the actual/own self-state ( , the self-concept) and ideal self-states ( , representations of an individual's beliefs about his or her own or a sitmifieant other's hopes, wishes, or aspirations for the individual) signify the absence of positive outcomes, which is associated with dejection-related emotions ( , disappointment, dissatisfaction, sadness).
posed that individuals vary widely in the particular types of psy- chological situations available to them; that is, there is a wide variety of personal viewpoints or ways of construing the world (see also Lewin, 1935). But Kelly did not relate different types
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