Transcription of Self-Discrepancy: A Theory Relating Self and Affect
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Self-Discrepancy: A Theory Relating Self and Affect
Psycholo0cal Review Copyright 1987 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 1987, Vol. 94, No. 3, 319-340 0033-295X/87/$ Self-Discrepancy: A Theory Relating Self and Affect E. Tory Higgins New York University This article presents a Theory of how different types of discrepancies between self-state representa- tions are related to different kinds of emotional vulnerabilities. One domain of the self (actual; ideal; ought) and one standpoint on the self (own; significant other) constitute each type of self-state representation. It is proposed that different types of self-discrepancies represent different types of negative psychological situations that are associated with different kinds of discomfort. Discrepan- cies between the actual/own self-state ( , the self-concept) and ideal self-states ( , representations of an individual's beliefs about his or her own or a sitmifieant other's hopes, wishes, or aspirations for the individual) signify the absence of positive outcomes, which is associated with dejection-related emotions ( , disappointment, dissatisfaction, sadness).
problem will be induced by a particular type of belief incom- 320 E. TORY HIGGINS patibility. In addition, the possibility does not arise that chronic individual differences in type of belief incompatibility may be related to individual differences in emotional vulnerability. In- deed, among theories concerned with self-evaluation, theories ...
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