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The Bandgap Reference

A CirCuit for All SeASonSBehzad Razavi IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE Summer 2016 9 SSince its inception in the late 1960s, the Bandgap circuit has served as an essential component in most inte-grated circuits. This simple, robust idea provides a temperature-indepen-dent (TI) voltage and a proportional-to-absolute-temperature (PTAT) current. In this article, we study the principles of Bandgap circuit Brief HistorySemiconductor technology does not directly offer any electric quantity that is nominally independent of the ambi-ent temperature.

While simple and robust, the band-gap reference in Figure 6(a) suffers from several undesirable effects: 1) the output tends to contain sub-stantial flicker (and thermal) noise con - tribution from the op amp and M 1 and M 2, 2) the circuit potentially exhibits poor supply rejection, especially due to that of the op amp, 3) if driving a

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