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The Bandgap Reference

A CirCuit for All SeASonSBehzad Razavi IEEE SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS MAGAZINE Summer 2016 9 SSince its inception in the late 1960s, the Bandgap circuit has served as an essential component in most inte-grated circuits. This simple, robust idea provides a temperature-indepen-dent (TI) voltage and a proportional-to-absolute-temperature (PTAT) current. In this article, we study the principles of Bandgap circuit Brief HistorySemiconductor technology does not directly offer any electric quantity that is nominally independent of the ambi-ent temperature. Thus, temperature independence has generally been envi-sioned in the form of combining two phenomena that have opposite tem-perature coefficients (TCs).

tribution from the op amp and M 1 and M 2, 2) the circuit potentially exhibits poor supply rejection, especially due to that of the op amp, 3) if driving a heavy load capacitance at the output, the circuit can become unstable, es - pecially in cases where A 1 itself contains more than one stage, and 4) if the op amp begins with a high output level

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