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The Effects of Drugs - SAGE Pub

623 The Effects of DrugsPart IAs noted in Chapter 1, the use ofsubstances for their consciousness-altering Effects is ubiquitous in humanhistory. There is evidence that psychoactiveplants such as ephedra were used byNeanderthal man as far back as 50,000years ago (Merlin, 2003), and all civili-zations that have had access to thesesubstances have significant numbers ofindividuals who choose to use them. Thetendency to alter consciousness is not evenunique to humans: Animals, both domesti-cated and wild, have been shown to seekout intoxicating substances such as ferment-ing fruit or psychoactive plants (R. Siegel,1989). Drugs are often viewed as possessingan almost mystical quality in terms of theirability to generate psychoactive Effects , butit is important to recognize that these sub-stances do not create these Effects ; theysimply stimulate a natural function of thebrain.

paid to acute toxicity, it is a drug’s chronic toxicity that is, by far, most harmful in terms of illness and loss of life. For example, alcohol and tobacco are estimated to be involved in the deaths of over 600,000 Americans every year, mostly as a result of the chronic toxicity of these drugs. Although the measurement of alcohol and tobacco

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