Transcription of The effects of essay topics on modal verb uses in …
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The effects of essay topics on modal verb uses in …
Available online at Journal of Pragmatics 41 (2009) 667 683. The effects of essay topics on modal verb uses in L1 and L2 academic writing Eli Hinkel Seattle University, United States Received 9 May 2006; received in revised form 25 November 2007; accepted 22 September 2008. Abstract This study analyzes modal verb use in a small corpus of L1 and L2 writing (718 essays /201,601 words) on five topics written by speakers of English, Chinese, Korean, and Japanese. The results demonstrate that median frequency rates of modal verbs in L2. essays are significantly affected by the writing topic, depending on the writers' L1s and the contextual meanings and functions of obligation and necessity modals.
The effects of essay topics on modal verb uses in L1 and L2 academic writing Eli Hinkel Seattle University, United States Received 9 May 2006; received in revised form 25 November 2007; accepted 22 September 2008
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